What Is a Phylum in Marine Life

The word phylum (plural: phyla) is a category used to classify marine organisms. How Are Marine Organisms Classified? There are millions of species on Earth, and only a small percentage of them have been discovered and described. Some organisms have evolved along similar paths, although their relationship to each other isnt always obvious. This evolutionary relationship between organisms is known as the phylogenetic relationship and can be used to categorize organisms. Carolus Linnaeus developed a system of classification in the 18th century, which involves giving each organism a scientific name, then placing it in broader and broader categories according to its relationship to other organisms.  In order of broad to specific, these seven categories are Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, and Species.   Definition of Phylum As you can see, Phylum is one of the broadest of these seven categories. While animals in the same phylum can be very different, they all share similar characteristics. For example, we are in the phylum Chordata. This phylum includes all  animals with a notochord (vertebrates). The rest of the animals are divided up into a very diverse array of invertebrate phyla. Other examples of chordates include marine mammals and fish. Even though we are very different from fish, we share similar characteristics, such as having a spine and being bilaterally symmetrical. List of Marine Phyla The classification of marine organisms is often under debate, especially as scientific techniques get more sophisticated and we learn more about the genetic makeup, range, and populations of different organisms. The major marine phyla currently known are listed below. Animal Phyla The major marine phyla listed below are drawn from the list on the  World Register of Marine Species. Acanthocephala  - These are parasitic worms that live in the guts of vertebrates and invertebrates. They have a thorny  proboscis  and may also have spines on their bodies.Annelida  - This phylum contains segmented worms. Earthworms are a familiar type of annelid to us. In the ocean, segmented worm species include such beautiful animals as  Christmas tree worms.Arthropoda  - Many familiar types of seafood, such as  lobsters  and crabs, are arthropods. Arthropods have a hard exoskeleton, a segmented body, and jointed legs.Brachiopoda  - This phylum includes lamp shells.Bryozoa  -  Bryozoans  are invertebrates that are also known as moss animals. They are colonial organisms that primarily live in colonies of individuals, and may encrust  seagrasses,  mangrove  roots, shells, pilings, docks, and other underwater structures.Cephalorhyncha  - A group of worms that includes spiny-crown worms,  loriciferans, horsehair worms, and priapulid worms.Chaetognatha   - This is another group of worms called arrow worms.Chordata  - This phylum is probably one of the most familiar to us.  We are included in the Phylum Chordata, which includes all animals with a nerve cord (called a notochord) at some stage of their development.  Marine life in this phylum includes  marine mammals  (cetaceans,  pinnipeds,  sirenians,  sea otters,  polar bears),  fish,  tunicates, seabirds, and reptiles.Cnidaria  - This phylum includes such colorful sea creatures as corals, sea anemones, sea jellies (jellyfish), sea pens, and hydras.Ctenophora  - Ctenophores (pronounced teen-o-fors) are jelly-like animals. This phylum includes  comb jellies  or sea gooseberries. These are clear, often bioluminescent animals that dont have stinging cells like the cnidarians.Cycliophora  - The World Register of Marine Species recognizes two species of this organism, also known as a wheel wearer.Dicyemida  - Dicyemids are parasitic organisms that li ve in  cephalopods.Echinodermata  - This phylum includes sea stars, brittle stars, basket stars, sea lilies, feather stars, sand dollars, sea urchins, and sea cucumbers.Echiura  - Echiurans are also called spoon worms. They have a proboscis and small hooks on their posterior (back) end.Entoprocta  - This phylum contains  entoprocts, or goblet worms. These are small, transparent worms that are fixed to a substrate and may live individually or in colonies.Gastrotricha  - This phylum includes several hundred species of small animals that live on plants, in between grains of sand and on detritus.Gnathostomulida  - This is another phylum containing worms, called jaw worms. They are named because of their forceps-like jaw.Hemichordata  - This phylum contains worm-like animals that share some characteristics with chordates, including having nerve cords.Mollusca  -  This diverse phylum includes an estimated 50,000 to 200,000 species of  snails, sea slugs, octopuses, sq uids, and bivalves such as clams, mussels, and oysters.Nematoda  -  Ã¢â‚¬â€¹Nematodes, or roundworms, are worm-like organisms that are very abundant in nature, and can be decomposers or parasitic. An example of roundworms in the marine environment is animals in the genus  Ã¢â‚¬â€¹Robbea, which live in the sediment around seagrass beds.Nemertea  - The Phylum nemertea contains  ribbon worms, slender worms of which there are more than 1,000 species. Some ribbon worms can grow more than 100 feet in length.Phoronida  - This is another phylum that contains worm-like organisms. These are called horseshoe worms, and they are thin organisms that live in chitinous tubes they secrete.Placozoa  -  Placozoans  are simple animals that were discovered in the 1800s in an aquarium in Europe.  All that is known of these animals have been learned from animals observed in aquaria.Platyhelminthes  - Animals in the  platyhelminthes  phylum are flatworms. Flatworms are unsegmente d worms that may be free-living or parasitic.Porifera  - The phylum porifera includes sponges. The word porifera comes from the holes in the sponges—it comes from the Latin words  porus  (pore) and  ferre  (bear), meaning pore-bearer. The holes are pores through which the sponge draws in water for feeding, and expels wastes.Rotifera  -  This phylum contains rotifers, also known as wheel animals from the wheel-like motion of the cilia on their head.Sipuncula  -  The Phylum Spipuncula contains animals called peanut worms, because some are shaped like peanuts. This phylum contains several hundred species, most of which live in shallow waters. Species may burrow in sand, mud, or even rock. They may also live in crevices or shells.Tardigrada  - Animals in the Phylum Tardigrada are called water bears. These tiny animals look and move surprisingly like a bear. Some tardigrades live in the  Ã¢â‚¬â€¹Arctic Ocean. Plant Phyla According to the World Register of Marine Species (WoRMS), there are nine phyla of marine plants. Two of them are the Chlorophyta, or green algae, and the Rhodophyta, or red algae. The brown algae are classified in the WoRMS system as their own Kingdom—Chromista. References and Further Information: Morrissey, J.F. and J.L. Sumich. 2012. Introduction to the Biology of Marine Life. Jones Bartlett Learning. 467pp.WoRMS Editorial Board.  2015. World Register of Marine Species.

The Role Of Technology On Agriculture, Culturally.

Role of Technology in Agriculture, Culturally. Introduction- For the past decades, many inventions were made while some were a failure and some were a success. Humans have developed new techniques to cope up with the changing generations. The population has also had a severe impact on the human culture which has indirectly led to a shortage of land. Human species who are fully dependent on the land, especially, farmers should adopt new technology, should develop new techniques for better farming and must act equally among the genders. Machinery in Agriculture: In olden days, farmers used to plow their field by outdated tools which caused less production of crops. Agriculture is the absolute backbone of the growing population. Not only the growing population has caused an increase in covering of the land, but it had also increased the food demand. Everything is linked and supported by one another views, it depends on how a person shows direct response in this logical sense, it may not be important, and however, it should be reasonable and consistent with the people (Smith, n. d., pp.75). Poverty is a serious issue which the governments of undeveloped countries are mainly concerned about. Bill Gates responded to G8 food security issue presented by president Obama that it was wise of being allied with the government of Africa for targeting food issue, it will also clear the global nutrition problem and cooperation with ingenious thinking helped the small landholder farmersShow MoreRelatedCherokee Origins Of The Cherokee928 Words   |  4 PagesThe Cherokee homelands were scattered in major parts of Kentucky and Tennessee but were also located in other states such as: Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia, and Alabama. 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Ideology Affects The Way Literature Is Read English Literature Essay Free Essays

string(104) " does non offer a full apprehension of the ways of how people are constituted in these societal worlds\." Literature in Marxism is perceived as something which is profoundly influenced by the civilization and society in which the writer is populating in. Therefore literature is seen as a merchandise from civilization which means that the writer is affected by the environment and the external elements environing him. In the same manner one reader differs from the other because he or she is besides affected by the societal milieus. We will write a custom essay sample on Ideology Affects The Way Literature Is Read English Literature Essay or any similar topic only for you Order Now Furthermore, Marxists, and subsequently on Structuralists, believe that because literature is experienced harmonizing to 1s attitude and rules of society, literature is ‘ideologically impregnated by its societal placement ‘ .[ 1 ]Lois Althusser has played an of import function in the shaping of political orientation in literature with of import essays such as his 1970 essay entitled Reading â€Å" Capital † and another more of import essay in the field of political orientation entitled Ideology and Ideological State Apparatuses ( 1970 ) . Others like Roland Barthes besides helped specifying the function of political orientation when reading literature particularly with the outstanding essay entitled The Death of the Author, published in 1967. Early Marxists believed in the thought that literature is non simply merely a creative activity but it is a production. The difference between the two is that by ‘creating ‘ one is explicating something out of nil whilst on the other manus, by ‘production ‘ , the creative person is bring forthing something out of other stuffs which is where the societal and political context comes in. In Marxism there is an on-going dualism between the impression of the base and the impression of the superstructure. This dualism is understood in multiple ways by different critics such as Althusser. The superstructure, harmonizing to Marxism, is made up of those institutes which surround us as one of base and therefore of pure contemplation. On the contrary the base which is that which determines society is one of economic dealingss. Harmonizing to Marxists it is the superstructure which in itself includes art and therefore literature which enforces the ways of production. In c ontrast to this, another sort of dualism is a contrast between imminency and the thought of committed literature. The thought that art is written for art ‘s interest suggests that what is literary is in world internal for the text and therefore it reinforces the thought that what is of import is what happens inside the text and non what can be instantly seen on first glimpse. Therefore the literary is found behind the written words, what is left unwritten by the writer and this must be found out by the reader himself. The theory so moves on from one of superstructures to that of an political orientation. Subsequently on Marxism developed into Structuralism, in which the construction is favoured over the topic itself which has been developed by theoreticians such as Louis Althusser and Pierre Macherey to reason against the experiential philosophical ways of theoreticians like Georg Lukas and Jean-Paul Sartre.[ 2 ]With Structuralism, the issues of the function of the authors com es into inquiry and the aesthetic creative activity is so seen as one which promises a better hereafter and therefore literature and art become something which underline the endowments of the creative person instead than something which divides people and turns them against one another. It becomes a promise for a better hereafter.[ 3 ]Structuralists move off from the Hegelian problematic and on the other manus they move towards grouping literature with other diverse activities which are productive. They refuse to split the existent off from representation in literature. Literature is now seen as on the one manus, a produced object and on the other manus as a consequence of the societal production and the definition of the existent becomes dependent on the environment in which it was produced and this is where the impression of political orientation comes in. Ideology has become a cardinal construct in Marxists ‘ theoreticians ‘ plants and unfavorable judgment about art and literature. Marxists see ideology more than merely the survey of thoughts but they see it as an mentality of life. The Bourgeois political orientation is regarded by Marxists as constructing and infusing establishments in society and in civilizations which besides include literature and different signifiers of art. Ideology, peculiarly to Structuralists, becomes an imperative issue, particularly to the manner in how one can speak about political orientation in a non-ideological manner. At first Marxists see the word political orientation in a negative visible radiation due to the fact that they associate the word with ‘false consciousness ‘ .[ 4 ]Marxists see political orientation as a method employed by the dominant categories to forestall subsidiaries from gaining the true nature of things and alter them to their ain benefits. Therefore as a a gency of concealing the truth and maintaining the governing power over the inferior categories from obtaining their rightful civil autonomies. But so in the 1960 ‘s, Althusser changed the construct of political orientation being a sort of false consciousness with his essay Ideology and Ideological State Apparatuses ( 1970 ) . In this essay Althusser argues that society must foremost be divided into different â€Å" ideological province setups † instead than be viewed as a whole. He argues that instead than false consciousness, the political orientations vary harmonizing to each province setup. Althusser sees literature as being one of these province setups since literature does non show merely one sort of political orientation but it varies harmonizing to the text. He states that interpellation takes topographic point instead than societal consciousness and this means that the human being is made up of the established constructions in society such as the mass media and literature in which the representations seen in it consist of the looks of mundane worlds. Therefore, political orientation, harmonizing to Althusser, is made up of both the existent and the fanciful since it is existent because it shows how people truly live their mundane life in conformity with society and its spheres but fanciful because it does non offer a full apprehension of the ways of how people are constituted in these societal worlds. You read "Ideology Affects The Way Literature Is Read English Literature Essay" in category "Essay examples"[ 5 ]At the same clip when people read a realist text they can associate to it and when characters are portrayed as being free, the text will interpellate the readers to believe that they are free as good. Thus, realist novels work in the same manner as political orientation does ; by turn toing the readers and as a consequence doing them believe the ideological vision that they are portraying. Althusser discusses the interpellation of the topic in relation to political orientation. Harmonizing to Althusser, both the author and the reader are topics and therefore they both become ideological topics because both of them live ‘spontaneously ‘ .[ 6 ]The linguistic communication so has its ain function in the interpellation as to show the human being as unified, independent, subjectiveness.[ 7 ]Althusser uses the illustration of the authoritative pragmatism since it is a extremely popular genre in different countries of humanistic disciplines, in peculiar, in literature. Althusser uses this genre because in itself it is a topic which shows non merely the political orientation of the true representation of world in add-on the apprehension of the state of affairs of topic.[ 8 ]In the nineteenth century, the impression of the writer fostering off from the text he has written was going even more dominant, particularly in realistic fiction. In the authoritative realist n ovels the truth is shown, but non told since the reader has the undertaking of happening it out for him or her ego. This can be seen in diverse novels in the genre such as those written by Defoe and Hardy. In these novels the reader is interpellated as the topic since he has the undertaking of make up one’s minding and happening out the truth, which in itself, is an ideological pattern. Thus significances change consequently to a individual ‘s political orientation. Belsey argues that classical pragmatism follows the same cyclical form in most novels. This includes a sort of upset which is encapsulated in a narrative of for illustration love or slaying. But at the terminal the narrative ever reaches an stoping which the reader in some manner or the other expects and hence order is restored. This can be found in novels such as Jane Eyre, where order is restored as Jane and Mr Rochester ‘s look of love makes its full circle. This, harmonizing to Belsey, is non found in history since it is narrated in an impersonal mode and there is no defined talker, whilst in narrative the talker is defined as a topic and the reader relates to this voice. The narrative in fact unfolds through this interpellation between the reader and the writer and through this communicating ; the topics portion the significances of the work through political orientation. Belsey besides argues that in classical pragmatism, the reader is in a manner delighting his ain self-importance by placing and positioning himself in the function of the supporter. Belsey states that this interpellation between the reader and the writer is non merely done in the 3rd all-knowing narration but besides in the first storyteller since the reader besides gets the opportunity to associate to the supporter in inquiry. But the 3rd narrative allows the reader to explicate the stoping of the narrative before it is written. Therefore the reader as a topic himself is in a place of subjectiveness and th erefore in an ideological place. But at the same clip, to decline this place, is in itself an ideological pick.[ 9 ] Althusser negotiations about how a individual can non hold a complete indifferent read since it is really hard to avoid doing givens and ideas which may prejudice the reading in many ways. For that ground the reading is different from one individual to another and it is ne’er impersonal because it is affected by the societal milieus. Althusser besides argues that behind the text that one can see in a book or in any literary signifier which he calls ‘explicit discourse ‘ there is ever the underlying, unobserved, ‘silent discourse ‘ , which the writer is non cognizant of and so it is the undertaking of the reader to happen it out.[ 10 ]This ‘silent discourse ‘ is hence the elements which affected the writer unconsciously in clip of composing the text. Hence Althusser proposes that when reading, one must abandon what the writer had intended for him or her to read and understand and alternatively acknowledge the implicit in ‘silence Ã¢â‚¬Ë œ which it conceals in itself. This system is called the ‘symptomatic reading ‘ , in which by governing out the construction of the statement, one uncovers the ideological constructions of the text. Althusser argues that the writer ‘s sentiment is non the lone one which can be given to the text because each reader has a different background with different signifiers of political orientations and each one of these may impact the manner the novel is read. For illustration people may come from different civilizations with different traditions from those of the writer and as a effect the readings of the fresh alteration. Consequently, Althusser is against the thought of empiricist philosophy, which is to understand the novel or text by direct scrutiny. Empiricists besides believe that intending comes from experience instead than congenital traditions and thoughts which affect the manner the novel is read. Althusser argues that the political orientation within every hum an being affects his manner of comprehending a novel or a work of art. Catherine Belsey, agrees with Althusser and provinces that political orientation is something indispensable which can non be discarded with a individual idea since it is steadfastly positioned inside every individual individual. She besides argues that political orientation is what makes ‘concrete persons as topics ‘[ 11 ]and therefore it affects us continuously. Althusser argues that significance is created by the reader instead than discovered and this is done through the apprehension of the unconscious of the writer at the clip of composing the novel and by the pattern which takes topographic point when reading the text[ 12 ]which ‘sets to work, in a specific construction ‘[ 13 ]. Althusser references four types of pattern which are the economic, political, ideological and theoretical. The ideological pattern takes up a novel or a text and gives it a whole new significance and this is done through the societal agencies which give it a new point of view and position. In Althusser, the ideological pattern refers to the diverse and composite ways in which a piece of art and literature ‘s significance is modified harmonizing to the day-to-day actions of a peculiar individual. Therefore when one states that something is ‘ideological ‘ , it involves in the inactive imitation of the misguided beliefs about the nature of societal world. Sometimes person takes a place which may look as incoherent and conflicting, but one must understand that it might hold non been seen in this manner when the place was taken because political orientation is rich in contradictions but which at the same clip, they underpin it and give it intending.[ 14 ] In the same manner Roland Barthes argues that Bourgeoisie composing can non be guiltless since one can non compose without zero prejudice in head. Barthes argues that all the written texts are in some manner or another ideologically charged. He states that in authorship, the writer is in some manner or another, ideologically tinged since when one is composing, he or she already has an political orientation which is soundless and which naturalises the attitudes of the dominant category. Barthes agrees with Althusser by stating that the soundless political orientation is a soundless mode of pass oning to the reader. He developed the thought that literature is non guiltless since it contains political orientation and hegemony because in the writer there is ever an ideological angle which affects what he writes or what he should n’t compose. Barthes besides argues that the political orientation is linked with political relations and faith and the author makes usage of literature a s a agency of bring forthing another thought. Literature after the Second World War had to be committed and one could non compose literature in a vacuity any longer. This is seen in George Orwell ‘s Animal Farm ( 1945 ) which is non merely a fable but a manner of conveying to the populace an consciousness of the category war between the in-between categories and the dominant categories. In reacting to a text by reading it, the reader is naturalizing something which may non be natural and the power of the opinion category is exerted in a manner such as it naturalises itself. Literature is hence a series of codifications which have to be understood since literature is portion if a codification and the reader encodes literature in order to do it a societal event. This theory goes manus in manus and has been developed from Saussure ‘s theory of the signified and the form which Barthes besides takes on to explicate how literature is made up. Roland Barthes ‘s most influential essay in the field of literature is entitled Death of the Author ( 1968 ) whom he explained as the figure shaped by critical discourse in order to restrict the readings in the manner of reading a literary text.[ 15 ]This essay is perceived as revolutionist in the spirit of revolution of the clip and it becomes a cardinal text which marks the alteration from Structuralism to Post-Structuralism. Barthes negotiations about and disagrees with the thought of the writer as a God since he creates the work out of nil, merely like God. He says that one can non let the writer to presume the function of God in literature but besides in art in general. Barthes is hence taking the function of the writer who imposes thoughts and beliefs on the reader and hence a bound to how the text is read. He believes in destabilizing the impression of the writer as the beginning of the text since the text exists independently off the writer and hence Barthes allows infi nite for the reader. He argues that one time the writer is removed from the text the reader becomes the critic and hence the decease of the writer resuscitates the reader and his thoughts. By making this Barthes is interrupting down the hegemony of the middle class author and hence the changeless political orientation which is traveling on must be realised. In the same manner as Althusser, he argues that political orientation is ever present and one must non acquire off from it but allow it assist him or her create his ain readings. By canceling the writer the reader or the translator now, merely like the writer, has all the traditional properties of inaugural removed and is transformed in the impersonal pattern of reading. What he or she is reading can non no longer be called ‘work ‘ but it becomes a ‘text ‘ since the word ‘work ‘ may bespeak the engagement of another individual in making it whilst the word ‘text ‘ does non give a sen se of individualism.[ 16 ]Althusser agrees with the thought of the decease of the writer by believing that the significance of a text is to be produced through a diagnostic analysis. The writer becomes a map of political orientation by interpellating the persons as topics.[ 17 ]Therefore one has to wholly dehumanize the text and turn it into something which involves no human attempt in making it, therefore ‘unseen problematics ‘ .[ 18 ] Therefore theoreticians like Althusser and Barthes show how ideology affects the manner of how a text is read by the reader. Both theoreticians agree that political orientation can non be eliminated when reading a text since it is necessarily found in each person and for that ground it affects the manner literature is read otherwise by diverse individuals with different political orientations. How to cite Ideology Affects The Way Literature Is Read English Literature Essay, Essay examples

Capability Development

Question: Discuss about the Effect on Capability Development through Discipline of Consultancy. Answer: Introduction With the growth of competition, organizations are always trying to find innovation strategies so that they can sustain the brand value and reputation in the industry (Rockart and Dutt 2015). Often most of the organizations fail to evaluate the core organizational capabilities and therefore they fail to ensure balance between stakeholders expectation. One such reason is effective data analytics and market research. This has resulted in raising the requirement bar of capability development from executive consultant. This report will develop the executive consultant requirement for capability development and will also highlight the interrelationship between the two factors for organizational value creation. Aim of Report The aim of this report is to identify the effect on capability development through discipline of consultancy. Objectives of Report: Following are the report objectives To evaluate capability development and discipline of consultancy To reflect on the relevancy between capability development and executive consultant service To identify the impact on value creation by effective capability development Capability Development Capability development places extreme importance on employees and their capacities. It focuses on the capabilities of the employees to perform at high level adjust with the rapidly changing work context and environment. Developing knowledge co-creation and skills of the employees is one of the important aspects of the capability development. According to Brandon-Jones, Knoppen and Van Raaij (2014), creation of capability is all about shifting from segmented actions to holistic action, which is more purposeful and meaningful. Being capable of applying differentiated skills, the employees can bring innovation in organization. On the other hand, Rahmandad (2012) opined that capability development focuses on development of team and individuals through strategic activities. The intension behind capability development is to meet business challenge, business goals and creating capacities for adjusting with organizational change. Competency defines acquisition of skills, attributes and knowl edge, whereas capability defines the ability of the employees to apply those skills, attributes and knowledge in the organizational context. Moreover, professional development aspect of capability development centers at formal learning activities towards enhancing employees skills. Model for Capability Development One of the most important models of capability development is Holistic Model. According to Lupton and Beamish (2016), holistic model supports the work team towards responding quickly, innovatively and effectively to the changing business environment and consumer needs. The life based learning philosophy defines the skills, attributes and knowledge of the employees cannot only be acquired in the workplace. These factors are also highly dependent on external work environment in which they reside. Outside environment of employees may define the potential activities, which they may do at their work. On the other hand, McGrath and O'Toole (2014) opined that shared commitment and understanding in the work culture outlines organizational values towards framing capability level of the employees. While the organization will have supportive mentor for employees, they will be able to demonstrate their innovative approach and confidence in their work areas. Jiang, Malik and Guo (2015) opined that organization must have effective guiding principles for framing the capability development strategy. Therefore, an effective leader is highly required for identifying business issues and requirements. Based on those business requirements, the leaders would guide the employees for enhancing their capabilities. Moreover, organizational should adopt range of learning strategies in terms of on the job and off the job training towards skill development of the employees. Figure 1: Holistic Model of Capability Development (Source: Apsc.gov.au 2016) Important of Business Consultancy in Organization It is quite common assumption that consultant service is only needed for larger organizations. However, Business consultancy firm can improve the business performance of organizations of all sizes. The experts of business consultancy provides high quality and well informed advice on the business topics like commerce and empowering employees towards achieving maximum potential. According to (Onal Vural, Dahlander and George 2013), some catalyst like emerging IT innovation, declining market share, tightening environmental policies dramatically change the commercial landscape. In such situation, business consultancy provides effective advice on the matters of organizational Governance. They mostly provide suggestions regarding acquiring new tools and overseeing work force development. On the other hand, Schweitzer (2014) opined that opined that true success of organization could not come only through instinct, gut reaction and luck. Organization success is highly reliant on realistic ap proach in the context of external business environment. In such situation, business consultancy offers realistic analysis, careful calculations and practical strategic development in the context of external business environment. Therefore, organizations can take most realistic approach towards confronting business challenge and gain long-term success in every business aspect. According to Hansen and Alewell (2013), the diagnostics of business consultancy act as professional leaders for overall organizational success. They analyze the specific organizational issues and business gaps whether it is related to development of human capital or proper allocation of financial resources. The HR diagnostics of the consulting firm identify the lack of skill level in the work group. After identifying gaps, the HR diagnostics provide effective training to the employees for enhancing their skills levels. Therefore, the employees become quite able to adjust with dynamic business environment and follow innovative ideas towards contributing in organizational success. On the other hand, Robert Mitchell and Shepherd (2012) opined that the role model of business consultancy offers deep insight on the business culture by identifying the behavior and emotional intelligence of the employees. They business consultants can create system of reward behavior towards aligning with ch anging organizational culture. The consults also offer effective succession planning for the employees towards initiating an inspiring work culture for the employees. It helps in enhancing productivity level of the employees towards effective organizational success. Relevance of Capability Development with Business Consultancy and Other Topics According to McGrath and OToole (2016), the coaches of business consulting firms offer diverse group of experiences towards organizational growth. They align the learning needs of the employees with the requirement of business. The firms identify the gaps in the learning process of the employees and develop a concrete procedure for future progress. While considering the view of Apsc.gov.au. (2016), it can be found that capability building is the centralized part of organizational performance, which requires systematic learning and development approach guided by consulting firms for value enhancement. On the other hand, Australian Institute of Management (2016) proved that leadership and management framework are building blocks that make an organization capable enough to contribute in forming its benchmarking for effective performance. Furthermore, Joshi (2016) highlighted that capability development through business consultancy helps in encompassing various job roles and outcome thro ugh critical thinking and thereby ensuring organizational sustainability. From the above discussion, it can be said that discipline of consultancy helps in developing organizational knowledge and a positive sense of stakeholder management. It is quite clear that with the growth of competition, an organization may not have the capability to ensure effective market data analysis but with the assistance from business consultants they can ensure innovation and mitigate challenge. Forstner, Kamprath and Rglinger (2014) pointed out that business consultancy acts as the trusted advisor for an organization so that professionalism can be enhanced to ensure positive outcome in future. Finally, it must be said that organization development can be only achieved by effective leadership who will guide the flow of operation in reaching future goals. In such case, executive consultancy proves to be the mentor in forming desired leadership approach and how the managers must act while controlling massive human resource. Therefore, from the discussion it is clear that assist ance about both innovation and internal operation, discipline of consultancy acts as the supporting arm for leading a business towards success. Figure 2: Relevance of Capability Development with Discipline of Business Consultancy (Source: Hu, Lin and Chang 2013) Business Improvement through Business Consultancy and value creation While considering the view of Robert Mitchell and Shepherd (2012), it can be said that value of an organization is only achieved when the purpose to fulfill stakeholders expectation is achieved. Consulting agencies while acting as the mentor or trusted advisor has only one motive, this is to ensure capability development for its client. Value of an organization is dependent on its performance but often the core competencies remain unknown, which is highlighted by business consultancies. With the expense of time and due to organization expansion, most of the organizations fail to keep a balance between its core values and stakeholder management. Such scenarios are quite common in most of the small scale enterprises of Australia. In order to gain revenue, organizations fail to ensure effective balance between employee expectation and client satisfaction resulting to deteriorate value. Such imbalances result in losing organizational reputation. Executive consultancy helps in enhancing the organizational value by setting up strategies through balance scorecard, through which core stakeholders expectation and satisfaction is met. For manufacturing organizations, executive consultancy helps in analyzing the gap between organizations production and market demand and based on that future scope of productivity development is proposed. By following such advices, organizations are able to increase the productivity and thereby ensure balance between its stakeholders, which helps in restoring organizational value. Some of the most important advices that executive consultancies provide for developing capability are provided below: The consultant provides access to competitive business environment report, from which the client organization gets to know about the richness of information that they needs to incorporate for their small business units Client organizations get to know about the deemed to be important points that they need to incorporate so that they becomes sustainable to business List of categories for performance evaluation is designed by the executive consultancy and the survey is done by taking response from top managers within the organization and from the outcome recommendations are designed Based on the confidential information that the client organization will provide, the executive consultant will compare the points with Australian Management Capability Index and finally the most appropriate proceedings will be reported back Executive consultant will generate the most customized report for its client organization where the exploration of learning and development programs will be highlighted, which will further help in boosting management capability The number of consultancy firms in Australia is increasing but the most common points are listed above. From the above points, it can be found that consultancy agencies always try to create customized reports for their client organizations so that the competitiveness does not get hampered. Some of the service oriented organizations in Australia are value oriented rather than hardcore profit earning but for them the consultancy firms try to ensure best quality without the expense of capital endorsement. With whatever be the procedure, consultancy firms try to ensure best quality service and client satisfaction through which organizational value is restored, which further helps in ensuring professionalism. The whole paper has highlighted capability development by discipline of consultancy but some of the negative aspects of such service are pertaining to the degree of customization. The FMCG and IT industry of Australia is rapidly growing at present but against such sectors the target market is extremely common. This has somehow resulted in poor customized business progress report as product diversification and changing government regulation has made limited scope of customization. Most of the consultants are almost providing the same solutions to their clients and therefore competitive advantage is becoming negligible. Conclusion While concluding it can be said that organizations in Australia are extremely competitive but they often fail to gather market information through data analytics and thereby cannot ensure best strategy for sustainable business. In such a scenario, executive consultants help the organizations in setting up the most customized strategic business approach for future. It has been also found that most of the organizations in Australia are successful enough but they need to be ahead of rising competition and for that they need to innovate. Executive consultants help such organizations to gather relevant market statistics and evaluate those against client firms capability. 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